How to Read Wine Pairings on Restaurant Menus

A restaurant wine list is designed to make you feel slightly
out of your depth. The descriptions use vocabulary no civilian
uses in conversation. The prices have no visible logic. The
sommelier swoops in with a confident recommendation and you nod
because the alternative is admitting you cannot tell a Sangiovese
from a Syrah.

You do not need to become a sommelier. You need to read a wine
list the way you read a menu: pattern recognition, a few rules,
and knowing which questions to ask.

## What wine pairings actually mean

"Pairing" is a technical claim: this wine and this food, together,
taste better than either alone. The mechanics are about matching
or contrasting three things:

1. **Weight.** Light food with light wine, heavy food with heavy
wine. A Pinot Grigio drowns under a ribeye. A Cabernet bulldozes
a flounder.
2. **Acidity.** Acidic food needs a wine at least as acidic, or
the wine tastes flat. That is why tomato sauce wants Chianti,
not Merlot.
3. **Fat vs tannin or bubbles.** Fatty food wants tannin (red
wine) or bubbles (sparkling) to cut through. Steak with Cabernet.
Fried chicken with Champagne.

That is the whole framework. Every other "rule" is a derivation.

## Decoding menu descriptors

Restaurants use a code. Here are the words that actually mean
something:

| Word on menu | What it signals |
|--------------|-----------------|
| Crisp, mineral, bright | High acid, light body, good with seafood |
| Fruit-forward | Ripe, approachable, often New World |
| Earthy, rustic | Old World, often Italian or French, food-friendly |
| Bold, full-bodied | High alcohol, big flavor, needs rich food |
| Silky, elegant | Usually Pinot Noir or Burgundy-style |
| Jammy | Over-ripe, high alcohol, hot finish |
| Structured | High tannin, needs food to soften |
| Buttery | Oaked Chardonnay, specific to a very rich style |

Ignore: "notes of tobacco, leather, forest floor." Marketing.

## The markup map

Restaurants mark up wine 2.5x to 4x retail. The cheapest bottle
on the list is marked up the most (in percentage), because most
people avoid ordering it to look cheap. The second-cheapest is
often worse value than the third or fourth.

Best value zones:

- **Lesser-known regions.** A wine from Friuli, Jerez, or Galicia
is usually priced below equivalent Bordeaux or Napa for the same
quality.
- **The middle of the list.** Bottles $55 to $90 often have lower
markup percentage than the $28 house pour.
- **Unusual grapes.** Assyrtiko, Mencia, Blaufrankisch. The
restaurant buys them cheap because they sell slowly.

Avoid: trophy wines by the glass. A $22 glass of Napa Cabernet is
almost always pouring the tail end of a bottle opened Tuesday.

## What to ask the server

Three questions work anywhere:

1. **"What would you drink with this?"** Point at your entree.
You get their honest recommendation, not the upsell.
2. **"What is on the list that I would not find at other
restaurants?"** This triggers the sommelier's actual passion
list, usually at a fair price.
3. **"We are between these two — what is the difference?"** Gets
you comparative info without revealing how much you know.

The question that does NOT work: "What is good?" Everything is
good; that is why it is on the list. You need a decision axis.

## A simple pairing cheat sheet

- **Oysters, raw fish:** Muscadet, Chablis, or any crisp unoaked
white with mineral character.
- **Roast chicken, pork:** Almost any medium-bodied red or white
works. Pinot Noir is the most reliable choice.
- **Steak, lamb:** Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Malbec. The bigger
the cut, the bigger the wine.
- **Tomato-based pasta:** Chianti, Barbera, Montepulciano. Italian
wines for Italian food is not a cliche; it works.
- **Spicy Asian food:** Off-dry Riesling or Gewurztraminer. Heat
plus residual sugar is the classic move.
- **Cheese course:** Port with blue, Sauternes with aged hard
cheese, light red with fresh. White wine beats red with most
cheese despite common belief.

## The non-alcoholic question

Good restaurants increasingly list non-alcoholic pairings. Ask.
A thoughtful sparkling tea or shrub pairing can be better than a
mediocre wine pour. Quality non-alcoholic options have exploded
since 2023.

## The one rule that matters

Drink what you like. A wine you dislike does not become good
because it is the "correct" pairing. If you hate Cabernet, do not
order Cabernet with steak. A Pinot Noir you enjoy will pair better
than a Cabernet you endure. Pairing theory is a tool, not a law.

## Wine by the glass vs bottle

The break-even point is usually 2.5 to 3 glasses. If 2 people
are each having more than one glass, the bottle is always better
value than by-the-glass pours. If one person is driving and the
other will have 2 glasses, by-the-glass is fair.

Also: restaurants pour a generous 5 oz or stingy 4 oz glass.
Standard is 5 oz — 5 pours per bottle. A $15 glass from a $45
bottle is reasonable; a $15 glass from a $28 bottle is a rip.

## BYO and corkage

Many restaurants allow BYO with a corkage fee ($15-40). Worth it
for a special bottle you have been saving. Not worth it for a
$12 supermarket bottle — the corkage erases any savings.

Call ahead. Policies vary, and bringing a bottle they actually
sell is usually forbidden.